home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disease that destroys mental
- and physical functioning in human beings, and invariably leads to death. It is the fourth
- leading cause of adult death in the United States. Alzheimer's creates emotional and
- financial catastrophe for many American families every year, but fortunately, a large
- amount of progress is being made to combat Alzheimer's disease every year. To fully be able
- to comprehend and combat Alzheimer's disease, one must know what it does to the brain,
- the part of the human body it most greatly affects. Many Alzheimer's disease sufferers had
- their brains examined. A large number of differences were present when comparing the
- normal brain to the Alzheimer's brain. There was a loss of nerve cells from the Cerebral
- Cortex in the Alzheimer's victim. Approximately ten percent of the neurons in this region
- were lost. But a ten percent loss is relatively minor, and cannot account for the severe
- impairment suffered by Alzheimer's victims. Neurofibrillary Tangles are also found in the
- brains of Alzheimer's victims. They are found within the cell bodies of nerve cells in the
- cerebral cortex, and take on the structure of a paired helix. Other diseases that have
- "paired helixes" include Parkinson's disease, Down's Syndrome, and Dementia Pugilistica.
- Scientists are not sure how the paired helixes are related in these very different
- diseases. Neuritic Plaques are patches of clumped material lying outside the bodies of
- nerve cells in the brain. They are mainly found in the cerebral cortex, but have also
- been seen in other areas of the brain. At the core of each of these plaques is a substance
- called amyloid, an abnormal protein not usually found in the brain. This amyloid core is
- surrounded by cast off fragments of dead or dying nerve cells. The cell fragments include
- dying mitochondria, presynaptic terminals, and paired helical filaments identical to
- those that are neurofibrillary tangles. Many neuropathologists think that these plaques
- are basically clusters of degenerating nerve cells. But they are still not sure of how and
- why these fragments clustered together. Congophilic Angiopathy is the technical name that
- neuropathologists have given to an abnormality found in the walls of blood vessels in the
- brains of victims of Alzheimer's disease. These abnormal patches are similar to the
- neuritic plaques that develop in Alzheimer's disease, in that amyloid has been found
- within the blood-vessel walls wherever the patches occur. Another name for these patches
- is cerebrovascular amyloid, meaning amyloid found in the blood vessels of the brains.
- Acetylcholine is a substance that carries signals from one nerve cell to another. It is
- known to be important to learning and memory. In the mid 1970s, scientists found that the
- brains of those afflicted with Alzheimer's disease contained sixty to ninety percent less
- of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase(CAT), which is responsible for producing
- acetylcholine, than did the brains of healthy persons. This was a great milestone, as it
- was the first functional change related to learning and memory, and not to different
- structures. Somatostatin is another means by which cells in the brain communicate with each
- other. The quantities of this chemical messenger, like those of CAT, are also greatly
- decreased in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of persons with Alzheimer's disease,
- almost to the same degree as CAT is lost. Although scientists have been able to identify
- many of these, and other changes, they are not yet sure as to how, or why they take
- place in Alzheimer's disease. One could say, that they have most of the pieces of the
- puzzle; all that is left to do is find the missing piece and decipher the meaning. If
- treatment is required for someone with Alzheimer's disease, then the Alzheimer's Disease
- and Related Disorders Association(ADRDA), a privately funded, national, non-profit
- organization dedicated to easing the burden of Alzheimer victims and their families and
- finding a cure can be contacted. There are more than one hundred and sixty chapters
- throughout the country, and over one thousand support groups that can be contacted for
- help. ADRDA fights Alzheimer's on five fronts 1- funding research 2- educating and thus
- increase public awareness 3- establishing chapters with support groups 4- encouraging
- federal and local legislation to help victims and their families 5- providing a service to
- help victims and their families find the proper care they need.
-